奧匈帝國的法蘭茲·斐迪南大公於 1914 年 6 月 28 日在塞拉耶佛被加夫里洛·普林西普暗殺，這引發了導致戰爭的一連串同盟連鎖反應。三國協約——英國、法國和俄國——構成了第一次世界大戰協約國的核心。義大利隨後於 1915 年加入協約國。《凡爾賽條約》於 1919 年 6 月 28 日簽署——恰好是斐迪南大公遇刺五年後。它對德國施加了嚴厲的懲罰。歐洲二戰始於 1939 年 9 月 1 日，當時納粹德國入侵波蘭。兩天後，英國和法國對德宣戰。日本於 1941 年 12 月 7 日襲擊珍珠港——羅斯福總統稱之為「一個將永遠成為恥辱的日子」。美國於次日加入二戰。D-Day —— 即「大君主作戰」 —— 是歷史上規模最大的海上入侵行動。1944 年 6 月 6 日，超過 15.6 萬名盟軍部隊登陸諾曼第的五個海灘。阿道夫·希特勒從 1934 年起擔任納粹德國元首，直到 1945 年 4 月 30 日在柏林地堡自殺身亡。美國於 1945 年向廣島（8 月 6 日）和長崎（8 月 9 日）投下原子彈 —— 日本於 8 月 15 日投降，結束了第二次世界大戰。戰壕戰定義了一戰的西線戰場 —— 雙方士兵在法國和比利時挖掘了數百英里的戰壕，導致了多年血腥的僵持局面。猶太人大屠殺是納粹政權在 1941 年至 1945 年間，對 600 萬猶太人以及數百萬羅姆人、殘疾人等進行的系統性屠殺。溫斯頓·邱吉爾於1940年5月就任首相，並領導英國度過二戰——他的演說在國家最黑暗的時刻團結了國民。閃電戰（'Blitzkrieg'）結合了快速移動的坦克、步兵和空中力量，以迅速壓倒敵人——德國曾利用它征服了波蘭、法國和歐洲大部分地區。史達林格勒戰役（1942-1943年）是歷史上最慘烈的戰役——德國的戰敗標誌著東線戰爭的轉折。歐戰勝利紀念日（VE Day）——1945年5月8日——標誌著德國無條件投降後，二戰在歐洲正式結束。同盟國世界各地爆發了慶祝活動。停戰協定於1918年11月11日上午11時簽署——即「11月11日11時」——結束了西線的戰鬥。皇家郵輪盧西塔尼亞號於1915年5月7日被德國潛艇擊沉，造成1,198人死亡，其中包括128名美國人——這轉向了美國大眾支持加入一戰的輿論。齊默爾曼電報（1917年1月）提議墨西哥與德國結盟對抗美國以換取領土——該電報被截獲促使了美國加入第一次世界大戰。馬奇諾防線是法國的大規模防禦工事——德國在1940年透過入侵比利時直接繞過了它，使其失去作用。不列顛戰役（1940年7月至10月）是首場完全由空軍進行的主要戰役——英國皇家空軍的勝利阻止了德國入侵英格蘭。巴巴羅薩行動（1941年6月22日）是歷史上規模最大的軍事入侵——超過300萬德國軍隊沿著2,900公里的戰線進攻蘇聯。紐倫堡審判（1945年至1946年）起訴了24名納粹主要領導人——確立了個人需為反人類罪承擔責任的先例。「鉚釘女工羅西」成為女性戰時勞動的標誌性象徵——在兩次世界大戰期間，數百萬名女性在工廠、農場和軍事後勤崗位工作。曼哈頓計畫（1942-1946）雇用超過12.5萬人，耗資近20億美元——該計畫製造了投向廣島和長崎的炸彈。中途島戰役（1942年6月）中美軍海軍擊沉了四艘日本航空母艦——這改變了太平洋戰場的權力平衡，並使日本轉入防禦。加里波利之戰（1915-1916）造成雙方超過50萬人傷亡——這在澳洲和紐西蘭歷史（澳紐軍團日）中具有特別重大的意義。《租借法案》（1941年3月）允許美國向英國、蘇聯及其他同盟國提供物資——在戰爭結束前，共運送了價值超過500億美元的物資。敦克爾克大撤退（1940年5月至6月）利用軍艦和數百艘民用船隻營救了超過338,000名盟軍士兵——邱吉爾稱之為「救援的奇蹟」。索姆河戰役（1916年7月至11月）僅在第一天就有57,470名英軍傷亡——它體現了一戰壕溝戰的恐怖與徒勞。施里芬計劃旨在通過比利時在六週內擊敗法國，然後轉向東方的俄羅斯，以避免兩線作戰——該計劃最終失敗，導致了壕溝戰。羅斯福、邱吉爾和史達林於1945年2月在雅爾達會晤，商討戰後歐洲的重組——當時做出的決定塑造了此後數十年的冷戰局勢。南京大屠殺（1937年12月）中，日軍在六週內殺害了估計20萬至30萬名中國平民和戰俘。恩尼格瑪密碼機用於加密德國軍事通訊——艾倫·圖靈和布萊切利園團隊破解了其代碼，據估計這縮短了兩年戰爭時間。1942年4月巴丹陷落後，日本強迫約7.5萬名美軍和菲律賓戰俘行軍65英里——數千人因殘暴虐待、疾病和飢餓而死亡。《大西洋憲章》（1941年8月）由羅斯福與邱吉爾達成協議——它為聯合國和戰後國際合作奠定了基礎。列寧格勒圍城戰（1941年9月–1944年1月）持續了872天——超過100萬平民死亡，主要死於飢餓，使其成為歷史上最慘烈的圍城戰之一。《貝爾福宣言》（1917年11月）是英國外交大臣亞瑟·貝爾福的一封信——它對中東產生了巨大影響，並持續至今。阿拉曼戰役（1942年10月至11月）是蒙哥馬利對隆美爾非洲軍團的勝利——丘吉爾曾說：「在阿拉曼戰役之前，我們從未取得過勝利。在阿拉曼戰役之後，我們從未遭遇過失敗。」《三國同盟條約》（1940年9月）正式建立了軸心國聯盟——德國、意大利和日本同意互相提供軍事援助。市場花園行動（1944年9月）是一項奪取荷蘭橋樑的宏大計劃——其在阿納姆的失敗（「遙遠的橋」）推遲了盟軍進入德國的進度。波茨坦會議（1945年7月至8月）是最後一次戰時峰會——杜魯門向斯大林透露了原子彈的存在，各國領導人將戰後的德國劃分為多個佔領區。You scored 0 out of 40You scored 1 out of 40You scored 2 out of 40You scored 3 out of 40You scored 4 out of 40You scored 5 out of 40You scored 6 out of 40You scored 7 out of 40You scored 8 out of 40You scored 9 out of 40You scored 10 out of 40You scored 11 out of 40You scored 12 out of 40You scored 13 out of 40You scored 14 out of 40You scored 15 out of 40You scored 16 out of 40You scored 17 out of 40You scored 18 out of 40You scored 19 out of 40You scored 20 out of 40You scored 21 out of 40You scored 22 out of 40You scored 23 out of 40You scored 24 out of 40You scored 25 out of 40You scored 26 out of 40You scored 27 out of 40You scored 28 out of 40You scored 29 out of 40You scored 30 out of 40You scored 31 out of 40You scored 32 out of 40You scored 33 out of 40You scored 34 out of 40You scored 35 out of 40You scored 36 out of 40You scored 37 out of 40You scored 38 out of 40You scored 39 out of 40You scored 40 out of 40
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兩次世界大戰。數百萬條生命。形塑現代世界的數十年影響。第一次世界大戰與第二次世界大戰是人類歷史上研究最多的衝突——但除了基礎知識外，你究竟了解多少？這場測驗涵蓋了從引發一切的暗殺事件到結束戰爭的原子彈，從壕溝戰到諾曼第登陸，從《凡爾賽條約》到紐倫堡審判。有些問題顯而易見，有些則連最資深的歷史迷也會感到棘手。你能獲得滿分 40 分嗎？讓我們看看你到底知道多少！